Indus Valley Civilization : GS Notes

Indus Valley Civilization

·         Discovered in 1921

·         Belonged to the bronze age

·         An area of about 1.3 mn sq km

·         Existed between 3300-1600 BC in three phases: early, mature and late phases

·         Sites

Early (pre-Harappan)	Mature (Harappan)	Late phase (post-urban)
	Harappa
	Mohenjodaro
	Chanhu-daro
	Lothal
Kalibangan	Kalibangan
Banawali	Banawali (Hissar)
	Sutkagendor (Pakistan)
	Sukotada (Gujarat)
Dholavira (Kutch)	Dholavira	Dholavira
Rakhigarhi (Ghaggar)	Rakhigarhi	Rakhigarhi
		Bhagwanpura
		Manda (Jammu); Chandigarh, Shangol (Punjab); Daulatpur, Mitthal (Haryana); Alamgirpur. Hulas (West UP)

Site	Remarkable Feature
Sutkagendor – Surkotada	Marked by a citadel
Mohenjo-daro	Great Bath; Large granary Impressive drainage system Piece of woven cotton Mother Goddess Seal of pashu-pati
Kalibangan	Grain and plough

·         Town planning

o   Grid system

·         The Indus people were the earliest to produce cotton

Aryans

Male dominated

Pastoral

Horse was a significant animal

Rig veda – Consists of 10 mandalas (books): Book 1 and 10 are relatively new

Earliest specimen of Indo-European language: 2200 BC inscription in Iran. Later in the Hittite inscriptions in Anatolia

1500 BC came to India

Sindhu is the river par excellence for them

Saraswati is the best of the rivers in Rig Veda

Panchajana – five tribes into which Aryans were divided

Used ploughshare

Land did not form a well-established type of private property

Metal working was known

Rajan – king

Samiti, sabha, vidatha,gana  – tribal assembly

Jainism

24 tirthankaras.

First: Rishab Dev

23^rd: Parshavnath

Mahavir (599 BC – 527 BC) or (540 BC – 468 BC)

In Kundagrama near Vaishali

Father – Siddartha (Jnatrika clan)

Mother – Trishala (sister of Lichchhavi chief Chetaka)

Died at Pavapuri near Rajgir

Five doctrines: Do not – violence, steal, lie, acquire property and do observe brahmacharya

Did not condemn the varna system

Triratna: right knowledge, right faith, right action

Spread to Kalinga in first century BC. King Kharavela

Used Prakrit language. Literature written in Ardhamagadhi

Prepared the grammar of Apabhramsha

Contributed to the growth of Kannada

Buddhism

563 – 483 BC – Lumbini, Kapilavastu, Nepal. Shakya family.

Suddhodan and Mahamaya

Death: Kushinagar (Kasia in Deoria distt of UP)

Eight-fold path (for end of misery)

1.       Right observation

2.       Right determination

3.       Right speech

4.       Right action

5.       Right livelihood

6.       Right exercise

7.       Right memory

8.       Right meditation

Do not

1.       Covet other’s property

2.       Commit violence

3.       Lie

4.       Use intoxicants

5.       Indulge in corrupt practices

No god or atman exists

Used Pali

Main elements of Buddhism: Buddha, Sangha, Dhamma

Brahamana ruler Pashyamitra Shunga persecuted the Buddhists

Mihirakula (Huna king) killed Buddhists

Buddhist text: Suttanipata

Gandhara Art

First human statues worshipped

Barabar hills: Caves for monks

Territorial States

Kingdoms and Capitals

Kingdom	Capital
Kapilavastu	Piprahwa
Lichchhavis	Vaishali
Mahajanpadas
Anga	Champa
Kashi	Varanasi
Koshala	Shravasti
Mallas	Kushinara
Vatsa/Vamsa	Kaushambi
Avanti	Ujjain (North)/ Mahishamati (South)
Magadha	Rajgir (Girivraja)
Chedi/Cheti
Kuru
Panchala
Matsya
Surasena	Mathura
Ashmaka
Gandhara
Kamboja
Vriji/Vajji	Mithila
Satvanahanas	Paithan
Pandya	Madurai
Chola	Puhar (kaveripattanam)
Chalyukyas	Badami (Bijapur)
Pallavas	Kanchi
Kadambas	Vijayanti
Gangas	Kolar

First Magadhan Empire

Dyansty	Ruler	Remark
Haryanka	Bimbisara	Contemporary of Buddha
	Ajatsatru
	Udayin	Built fort on the confluence of Ganga and Son at Patna
Shishunagas	-	Destroyed the power of Avanti
Nandas (most powerful rulers of Magadha)	Mahapadma Nanda

Mauryas (Patliputra)
Mauryas had a very elaborate bureaucracy	Chandragupta Maurya	Megasthenes visited during his time
	Bindusara	Links with Greek princes
	Ashoka	Buddhism
Shunga
	Pushyamitra Shunga	Destroyed the Mauryan empire. Killed Maurya king Brihadratha

Balisadhaka – tax collectors during the times of Nandas

Shaulkiki or shulkadhyakshas were also toll collectors

Shakyas and Lichchhavis were republics

Literature

Book	Author/Language	Remark
Digha Nikaya	Pali	Buddhist text

North-West India

Menander (Milinda) was the most famous Indo-Greek ruler.

·         His capital at Sakala (Sialkot)

·         Converted to Buddhism by Nagasena (Nagarjuna)

Shakas

·         Succeeded the Greeks in North West

·         Rudradaman I : most famous ruler

o   He issued first ever long inscription in chaste Sanskrit

Parthians

·         Followed Shakas

·         Famous king: Gondophernes

o   St. Thomas came during his reign

Kushans

·         Aka Yuechis or Tocharians

·         Kadphises was the first king

·         Kanishka is the most famous ruler

o   Started the Shaka era in 78 AD

o   Held the Buddhist council in Kashmir where the doctrines of Mahayana form were finalized

o   Patronized Ashvaghosa

·         Kushan inscriptions and coins found at Toprak Kala in Khorezm

·         Kushanas were the first rulers to issue gold coins on a large scale

·         Introduced the Satrap system of government

·         They controlled the Silk Route

·         Worshipped both Shiva and Buddha. Some worshipped Vishnu too.

·         Kanishka built a large number  of Stupas

Greek ambassador Heliodorus set up a piller in honor of Vasudeva near Vidisa.

Appointed governors called strategos

Deccan

Satavahanas

·         Succeeded Mauryas in Deccan

·         Brahmana rulers

·         Gautamiputra Satkarni (AD 106-130)

·         Vashishthiputra Pulimayi: Capital at Paithan

·         Started the practice of granting tax-free villages to Brahmanas and Buddhist Monks

·         Yajna Sri Satakarni

·         Chaityas (Buddhist temples) and Viharas (monastaries) were constructed during their times

o   Most famous Chaitya at Karle in Deccan

·         Show trace of matrilineal social structure

·         Administration

o   Ahara – district

o   Officials – amatyas or mahamatras

o   Gaulmika – head of a small military regiment and look after administration in rural areas

o   Three grades of feudatories: raja, mahabhoja, senapati

o   Language: Prakrit

South

Pandya

·         Sent embassies to the Roman emperor Augustus

Chola

·         Elara conquered Sri Lanka

·         Karikala founded Puhar aka Kaveripatnam which was their capital

Cheras

·         Kerala and parts of TN

·         Senguttavan is the greatest king

·         Roman influence: Muziris. Also built a temple of Augustus

Vellalas – rich peasants

Arasar – ruling class

Pariyars – agricultural labourers

Shrent – artisan guilds

Chalukyas

·         Badami (Bijapur)

·         Pulakesin II was the important ruler

·         Court poet Ravikirti wrote his eulogy in the Aihole inscription

Pallavas

·         They succeeded the Ikshvakus

·         Kanchipuram was their capital

·         Came in conflict with kadambas

o   Mayurasharman had founded the Kadamba kingdom (Capital: Vijayanti/Banavasi)

·         Nasrimhavarman occupied the Chalukya capital Vatapi in 642 AD

o   Assumed the title of Vatapikonda

·         Constructed a number of temples

·         Ratha temples at Mahabs built by Narsimhavarman who founded Mahabs

·         Pattadakal: Papanatha temple and Virupaksha temple

·         Kailashnath temple at Kanchi

One of the major revolt in the south was the Kalabhras revolt. It was so widespread that it could be put down only through the joint  efforts of the Pandyas, the Pallavas and the Chalukyas

Three types of villages: Ur (commoners), Sabha (Brahmans), Nagaram (traders etc)

Foreign Invasions

Major events

326-325 BC

Alexander’s invasion

Literature

Book	Author
Mudrarakshasa (play)	Vishakhadatta
Indika	Megasthenes
Milind Panho	Buddhist literature of questions of Manender to Nagarjuna
Buddhacharita	Ashvaghosha
Saundarananda (Sanskrit kavya)	Ashvaghosha
Mahavastu (Buddhist-hybrid Sanskrit)
Divyavandan (Buddhist-hybrid Sanskrit)
Kamsutra	Vatsyayana
Charaksamhita	Charaka
Gathasaptasatti (Prakrit book)	Hala (Satavahana king)
Tolkkappiyam (deals with grammar and poetics)
Silappadikaram and Manimekalai are Tamil epics	<Ilango Adigal? (silappadikaram)>
Natural History (Latin)	Pliny (Roman writer)
Mrichchhakatika	Shudraka
Abhijnanashakuntalam	Kalidasa
Amarakosha	Amarasimha
Romaka Sidhanta (Astronomy)
Harshacharita	Banabhatta
Priyadarshika; Ratnavali; and Nagananda (plays)	Harshavardhana
Astadhyayi	Panini
Mahabhashika	Patanjali
Suryasiddhanta	A treatise on astronomy. Authorship disputed.
Brihatsamhita	Varahmira (5th CE)
Sushrutsamhita	Sushrut (2nd CE)
Charaksamhita	Charak (2nd CE)

Travelers

Traveler	During time of	Work
Megasthenes (ambassador of Seleucus)	Chandragupta Maurya	Indika
Fa Hein	Chandragupta Vikramaditya
Hsuan Tsang	Harshavardhana

Pliny wrote Naturalis Historia

Philosophy

Six schools

School	Philosophy	Major proponent
Samkhaya	Materialistic. No god. Later turned spiritualistic. Prakriti-Purusha. Salvation through knowledge acquired through pratyaksha, anumana, shabda	Kapila
Yoga	Slavation through meditation and physical application
Nyaya	System of logic. Salvation through acquisition of knowledge.
Vaisheshika	Discussion of material elements or dravya. Atom theory. (beginning of physics). Belief in god.
Mimansa	Vedas contain the eternal truth. Reasoning provided for vedic rituals. Perform vedic rites for salvation.
Vedanta	Brahmasutra. Brahma is the reality. Atma is identical with Brahma.	Shankara (Advaita) – born in Kerala Ramanuja (Vishistadvaita) Shuddhadvaita (Vallabha)
Lokayata	Materialistic philosophy.	Charavaka

 

Mauryan officers

Rajukas – a class of officers appointed by Ashoka for administration of justice

Dhammamahamatras – officers of Ashoka for propagating dharma among various social groups

Tirthas – important functionaries

Samaharta – highest officer for tax assessment

Sannidhata – chief custodian of the state treasury

Sangam literature

·         Sangam was an assembly of Tamil poets held under royal patronage in Madurai

·         Compiled around 300-600 AD

·         Can be divided into two groups: narrative and didactic

·         Narrative: Melkanakku (or Eighteen Major Works)

·         Didactic: Kilkanakku (Eighteen minor works)

·         Silappadikaram and Manimekalai are Tamil epics

Misc

·         Shataka was a special type of cloth made at Mathura

·         Artisan guilds were called shrents

·         Uttarapatha was a sea route most frequently in use

·         Gomat – wealthy person

Guptas

·         After the fall of Kushans and Satvahanas in mid 3^rd century AD

·         Perhaps of Vaishya origin

·         Chandragupta 1- Samudragupta – Chandragupta II – Kumargupta - Skandagupta

·         Capital: Patliputra

·         Chandragupta I

o   Started the Gupta era in AD 319-20

·         Samudragupta (aka Napoleon of India)

o   Delighted  in violence and conquest

o   Court poet: Harishena

·         Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) [375-415 AD]

o   Exercised indirect influence over the Central Indian kingdom of Prabhavati through his daughter

o   Ujjain was his second  capital

o   Navratnas

o   Kalidasa, Varahmira and Amarsimha were at his court

o   Fa-hsien visited India

·         Royal seal: Garuda

·         Decline in long distance trade

·         Emergence of priestly landlords

·         Position of shudras improved

·         Subordination of women

·         Buddhism did not receive royal patronage

·         Golden age of ancient India

o   Ajanta Paintings <not by Guptas but mostly during their period>

o   Nalanda university flourished

o   13 plays written by Bhasa

o   Mrichchhakatika – Shudraka

o   Kalidasa

o   Plays were mostly comic

o   Ramayana and Mahabharata compiled

o   Development of Sanskrit Grammar

o   Aryabhatiya – Aryabhatta

o   Romaka Sidhanta – book on astronomy

·         Was poor in architecture

·         Huna invasion made the empire weak

Vishti – forced labour by peasants for the army officials

Harshavardhana

·         After the fall of Guptas

·         Capital: Kanauj

·         Banabhatta: court poet (wrote Harshacharita)

·         Ran the administration on similar lines as Guptas

·         Law and order: not well maintained

·         Nalanda flourished as a centre of Buddhist learning

·         Became a great parton of Buddhism (was a Shaiva earlier)

·         Convened a grand assembly as Kanauj to widely publicise the doctrines of Mahayana

·         Authored three dramas: Priyadarshika, Ratnavali and Nagananda

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